Nyocha nke ụdị ihe na njirimara ndị dabara adaba maka teknụzụ iwepụ laser

I. Ihe eji eme ígwè ferrous (ugbu a bụ ngwa kachasị ewu ewu)

1. Ígwè carbon dị ọkara na nke dị elu (ọdịnaya carbon 0.3% ~ 0.8%), ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị:

45 ígwè (ígwè nhazi carbon dị elu dị elu), nke a kpọrọ S45C na ọkọlọtọ JIS, ASTM 1045/080M46, na DIN C45, bụ ígwè nhazi carbon dị elu nke nwere ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ ndị a: 0.42-0.50% carbon (C), 0.17-0.37% silicon (Si), 0.50-0.80% manganese (Mn), na ≤0.25% chromium (Cr). Ihe a nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma na oyi/ọkụ, njirimara igwe dị elu, ịdị ọnụ ala, na nnweta sara mbara, na-eme ka ọ na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na ngwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Agbanyeghị, oke ya dị na obere ike siri ike, na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị mma maka ihe nrụpụta nke chọrọ nnukwu akụkụ obe ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ ziri ezi dị elu.

ígwè T8: E ji ígwè eutectoid carbon mee ihe nke na-egosi ike siri ike na ike iyi mgbe emechara ya ma mee ka ọ dị ọkụ, ọ bụ ezie na o nwere oke ike gụnyere obere ike ọkụ, ike siri ike adịghị mma, na ike nke mgbanwe oke okpomọkụ n'oge igwe. Ihe a na-agbaso ụkpụrụ usoro GB/T 1298, nwere ọdịnaya carbon dị n'etiti 0.75% na 0.84%, na-eme ka ọ dabara adaba maka imepụta ihe eji eme ka oyi na-akpụ akpụ dị mfe na ngwaọrụ ịkpụ. Usoro imechi ihe ahụ chọrọ ka mmiri jụọ oyi na 780-800℃°C, ebe ime ka ọ dị ọkụ karịa 250℃°C na-eme ka nha kwụsie ike. Agbanyeghị, anaghị akwado ya maka ngwa ndị chọrọ iguzogide ibu mmetụta.

65Mn ígwè: Ngwaahịa ígwè mmiri nwere ike dị elu mgbe a gwọchara ya ọkụ ma mee ka ọ sie ike, na-enye ezigbo mgbanwe na ike dị mma. N'okpuru ọnọdụ elu ya na ike ya zuru oke, oke ike ọgwụgwụ ya dabara na nke isi iyi alloy agba ise. Agbanyeghị, n'ihi enweghị ike isi ike, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe maka obere isi iyi dịka isi iyi na-agbanwe nrụgide/ọsọ, isi iyi na-atụ ike, isi iyi helical gburugburu/akụkụ anọ nke igwe, ma ọ bụ isi iyi ígwè e dọwara waya maka obere igwe. Mmetụta Ike: Ike elu na-eru 55-65 HRC na omimi oyi akwa siri ike 0.2 ~ 1.5mm, na-egosipụta nhazi martensitic otu na iguzogide iyi ka mma nke ukwuu (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndụ iyi ígwè 45 na-abawanye ugboro 4-6 mgbe emechara ya). Dabara adaba maka gia, pin, na akụkụ shaft. Usoro: Ọdịnaya carbon zuru oke na-emepụta martensite buru ibu, nke na-enweta austenitization zuru oke n'oge ọkụ laser ngwa ngwa ma na-enweta mgbanwe zuru oke site na imechi onwe onye oyi.

2. Ígwè e ji ígwè rụọ (tinye Cr, Ni, Mo na ihe ndị ọzọ), ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị:

40Cr: (40Cr dabara n'ụdị "ígwè alloy structural" dịka akọwara na GB3077. Ígwè a nwere 0.37%-0.44% carbon, nke dị ntakịrị ala karịa ígwè 45, yana ọdịnaya Si na Mn yiri ya. O nwere 0.80%-1.10% Cr. N'ọrụ a na-akpọ ọkụ, ọdịnaya 1% Cr a anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ebe ọkwa abụọ a na-egosipụta ihe onwunwe igwe yiri ya. Ebe ọ bụ na 40Cr na-efu ihe dị ka ọkara nke ígwè 45, ihe gbasara akụ na ụba na-edugakarị iji ígwè 45 kama mgbe o kwere mee.

35CrMo: 35CrMo bụ koodu nkọwapụta maka ígwè nhazi alloy (ígwè ejiri alloy gwụchaa ma sie ike), nke kwekọrọ na ọkọlọtọ German 1.7220, ọkọlọtọ Britain 708A37, ọkọlọtọ French 35CD4, wdg., nke kwekọrọ na GB/T 3077-2015. O nwere nha carbon nke 0.72%, enweghị ike ịgbado ọkụ nke chọrọ nha ọkụ tupu oge eruo. Ígwè a na-egosipụta ike kwụ ọtọ na ike mmetụta dị elu, yana ike nrụgide ≥985MPa na ike mmepụta ≥835MPa, nke nwere ike ịnagide okpomọkụ ọrụ ogologo oge ruo 500℃. Ọ dabara adaba maka imepụta ihe ndị dị elu dị ka igbe igbe, crankshafts, mkpara njikọ, na spindles steam turbine na igwe na-akpụ akpụ.

20CrMnTi: Ígwè a na-akpọ carburized nwere ọdịnaya carbon nke 0.17%-0.24%, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'imepụta ụgbọala maka gia nnyefe. Dịka ígwè a na-akpọ carburized (Cr-Mn-Ti), ọ na-egosi ike siri ike pụrụ iche ma na-ejigide ike mmetụta dị ala. E mepụtara ya kpọmkwem maka ike carburization elu, ígwè a na-egosipụta ike igwe dị mma yana obere mgbanwe na ike ọgwụgwụ pụrụ iche. Ọrụ ya bụ isi gụnyere ihe ndị dị n'ime shaft, akụkụ piston, na ihe pụrụ iche maka ụgbọala na ụgbọelu.

Mmetụta imechi: ike siri ike nwere ike iru 60 ~ 70 HRC, omimi oyi akwa siri ike 0.3 ~ 2mm, ihe ndị mejupụtara alloy na-eme ka ike siri ike na iguzogide nchara dịkwuo mma (dịka gia 35CrMo mgbe emechara ike ọgwụgwụ, ike ọgwụgwụ mụbara site na 30%).

Rịba ama: Oke ọdịnaya alloy nwere ike ibelata ọsọ nnabata laser, yabụ ọ dị mkpa ime ka arụmọrụ nnabata ike dịkwuo mma site na ọgwụgwọ oji (dịka phosphating na mkpuchi).

3. Ígwè a kpụrụ akpụ (ígwè a kpụrụ akpụ isi awọ, ígwè a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ), ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị:

HT300: bụ ụdị pearlite nke ígwè agba isi awọ siri ike, e jiri ọkọlọtọ mba GB 9439-88 mee ihe, aha ya bụ "HT" na-anọchite anya ígwè agba isi awọ, "300" na-egosi na ike nrụgide kacha nta nke mkpanaka nnwale nke dayameta 30mm bụ 300MPa.

QT600-3: QT600-3 bụ ígwè ductile nke ahụ pearlitic, nwere ike dị ọkara na elu, ike dị ọkara na ike dị larịị, arụmọrụ zuru oke, ezigbo nguzogide iyi na mwepu mkpọtụ, yana njirimara usoro nkedo dị mma. Ọ nwere ike ịgbanwe njirimara ya site na ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ dị iche iche.

Mmetụta imechi: Ike elu nwere ike iru 45 ~ 55 HRC, omimi nke oyi akwa siri ike bụ 0.1 ~ 0.8mm, a na-akpụkwa usoro martensite + residual austenite gburugburu usoro graphite, nke na-eme ka ikike mgbochi-ngweri dịkwuo mma (dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ebelata oke esemokwu nke rail nduzi ngwaọrụ igwe mgbe emechara ya site na 20%).

II. Ọla ndị na-abụghị ferrous na alloys ha (ebe a na-eji ha eme ihe)

1. Alloy titanium (Ti-6Al-4V, wdg)

A na-akpọ titanium alloy dị iche iche nke ejiri titanium na ọla ndị ọzọ mee. Titanium bụ ígwè dị mkpa e mepụtara n'afọ 1950, ike titanium alloy, iguzogide nchara, na oke okpomọkụ.

Àgwà siri ike: Okpomọkụ laser na-akwalite mmepụta nke martensite supersaturated n'elu, a na-amụbakwa ike siri ike site na 300 HV ruo 500 ~ 600 HV, ebe ọ na-anọgide na-enwe ezigbo ike (dabara maka nkwado agụba ikuku).

  Isi ike teknụzụ: Alloy titanium nwere nnukwu ntụgharị laser (ihe dị ka 70%), yabụ a ga-eji ọgwụgwọ tupu elu (dịka ịcha ájá) ma ọ bụ laser ultraviolet (ogologo ebili mmiri 355nm, ntụgharị uche dị n'okpuru 30%).

2. Aluminom alloy (usoro 2xxx, usoro 7xxx)

Nke a bụ ihe alloy nke e ji aluminom mee nke nwere ihe ndị ọzọ dịka ọla kọpa, silicon, magnesium, zinc, na manganese. Site na mgbanwe nha ihe, ọ na-emepụta usoro 1XXX ruo 8XXX nke na-ekpuchi alloy aluminom na aluminom-copper dị ọcha nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Sistemụ koodu steeti ya dabere na ọnọdụ ise dị mkpa gụnyere F (nhazi n'efu) na O (annealing), yana koodu zuru ezu dị ka T6 nke na-eme ka njikwa ike na njirimara iguzogide nchara dị mma.

Usoro imechi ọkụ: A na-eme ka ngwọta siri ike sie ike site na ikpo ọkụ ngwa ngwa nke laser, a na-emepụtakwa usoro metastable precipitated mgbe ejiri onwe ya jụọ oyi (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ike nke alloy aluminum 7075 na-abawanye site na 150 HV ruo 220 HV mgbe emechara ya).

Mmachi ngwa: Aluminom alloy nwere ike ime ka okpomọkụ dị ike (ike okpomọkụ dị ihe dị ka 200 W/m K), a chọrọ laser ike dị elu (≥2 kW) iji hụ na ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ọ dịkwa mfe imepụta mgbanwe nrụgide okpomọkụ.

3. Ihe ndị e ji tin mee (ọla, ọla nchara)

Nke a bụ ihe mejupụtara ọla kọpa dị ọcha nke nwere otu ma ọ bụ karịa ihe ndị ọzọ. Ngwa: Ime ka ihe ndị na-anaghị emebi emebi sie ike (dịka ọmụmaatụ, bearings, valvụ). Mgbe e mechara ka laser gwụchaa, elu ahụ na-emepụta ihe owuwu nanocrystalline, na-eme ka ike sie ike site na 15% ruo 30%. Agbanyeghị, a ga-achịkwa okpomọkụ okpomọkụ iji gbochie ime ka matriks ọla kọpa dị nro.

III. Ihe Ọrụ Pụrụ Iche

1. Ihe eji arụ ọrụ igwe ntụ ntụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe eji arụ ọrụ igwe ntụ ntụ nke e ji ígwè na ọla kọpa mee) Uru: Ọdịdị oghere nwere ike ịchekwa mmanụ na-eme ka mmanụ dị nro, ebe elu ya na-aghọ nke siri ike mgbe e mechara ya na laser. Ike siri ike na-abawanye site na 20-30 HRC ruo 50-55 HRC, na-eme ka ha dị mma maka ihe eji arụ ọrụ igwe ntụ ntụ nke onwe.

2. Ihe Mkpuchi Elu (dịka ọmụmaatụ, mkpuchi mmiri ọkụ na oyi akwa mkpuchi) Ngwa ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe: Mgbe ejiri laser kpochapu mkpuchi WC-Co nke a fesara n'elu ígwè carbon, a na-emepụta usoro ihe mejupụtara "martensite matrix + simenti carbide phase", na-enweta ike karịrị 1000 HV. A na-eji ihe ndị a eme ihe na akụkụ igwe na-adịghị emebi emebi.

IV. Ihe ndị na-adịghị mma maka imenyụ ọkụ laser

Ígwè dị obere kabọn (ọdịnaya kabọn N'ihi na e nweghị oke carbon dị na ya, mgbanwe martensitic adịghị mma, nke na-ebute mmetụta siri ike na-adịghị mma (mmụba siri ike

Ezigbo ígwè anaghị agba nchara austenitic (dịka ọmụmaatụ, 316L): Enweghị ikike mgbanwe martensitic. Okpomọkụ laser na-eme ka ọrụ sie ike naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-akawanye njọ (ihe dị ka 15% -20%).